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The following is an overview of the Lecture Series now being prepared on CD.
SPANISH
ARCHITECTURE IN AMERICA
First
Meeting: Mesoamerica before the Spanish 1.) Introduction
to Seminar, Overview 2.) Mesoamerica A.) Kirchoff's
terminology and relate to geography. B.) General
overview of history and periodization Pre-Classic, Classic, Post-Classic C.) Teotihuacan
and Monte Alban in terms of urbanization and economic/cultural relationship D.) Tula
and Chitzen Itza Toltec decline and the Myth of Quetzalcoatl E. Tikal,
Tulum. 2 Maya cities, one great Classic center, the other a
small trading center of the Late Post-Classic era F.) Aztec
Imperial History and the city of Tenochtitlan. SUGGESTED
READING : 1.) Kubler, George. The Art
and Architecture of Ancient America. Harmondsworth (Eng.): Penguin Books,
1990. Pages 47-117. [Recommended Reading: Introduction, 27-42] 2.) Heyden, Doris, and Paul
Gendrop. Pre-Columbian Architecture of Mesoamerica. New York: Rizzoli,
1975. Pages 6-67. 3.) Padden, R. C. The
Hummingbird and the Hawk. New York: Harper & Row, 1967.
pages 1-114. 4.) Salmoral, Manuel Lucena. America
1492, portrait of a continent 500 years ago. New York: Facts on File,
1990. Examine closely the images in this book, especially those
depicting Mexican topics. 5.)
Townsend, Richard F., ed. The
Ancient Americas, art from sacred landscapes. Munich: Prestel Verlag,
1992. Examine closely the images, maps & timelines found in
Chapters 1 and 3. 6.) Levenson, Jay A. Circa
1492, Art in the Age of Exploration. New Haven: Yale University Press,
1991. "The Aztec Empire: Realm of the Smoking Miror."
by Michael D. Coe, pp. 499-506; "The Aztec Gods--How Many?"
by Miguel Léon-Portilla, 507-509; "The Taínos: Principal
Inhabitants of Columbus' Indies," by Irving Rouse and Jose Juan Arrom,
pp. 509-514. Examine the spectacular images in this book which depict
Spanish and American topics. Additional
recommended readings: For
those especially interested in the Pre-Columbian rise and fall of great cities
in Mesoamerica: Flannery, Kent V. and Joyce Marcus. The Cloud
People. New York: Academic Press, 1983. Section 6: Monte Alban and Teotihuacan. This section
has 6 brief articles comparing and contrasting two dominant urban centers of
the Pre-Columbian era. The first two articles by Blanton and Robertson would
be the most immediately related to our study, though they treat a period
hundreds of years preceding Spanish contact. Second
Meeting:
From the Crucible of Cultures: Spanish Architecture before 1500 A.) The Roman Legacy Merida: Arena, Theatre, Aqueduct B.) The Visigoths: Early Christian
Architecture Quintanilla de las Viñas San Pedro de la Nave C.) The Asturian Kings and their
Buildings San Salvador Valdedios The Palace at Naranco, Sta. Maria de Lillo Sta. Cristina de Lena D.) The Islamic Heritage Cordoba: The Great Mosque Early Post-Reconquista Churches-fusion Mediterranean Vernacular in Andalucia Granada: The Alhambra E.) The
Reconquista The Pilgrimage Routes: Transmission of Culture The Moving Frontier Attraction of Colonists to settle empty space Land and Society Religion and Society: Convivencia? F.) Isabelline Gothic Avila: Santo Tomas Toledo: San Juan de los Reyes Valladolid: San Pablo and San Gregorio Reading
Suggestions 1.) O'Callaghan, Joseph F. A
History of Medieval Spain. Ithica: Cornell University Press, 1990. Part V, "The Struggle for Peninsular Union,
1369-1479," pp. 521-654; and the Epilogue, "The Catholic
Kings and the Perfect Prince," pp. 655-676. 2.) Dodds, Jerrilynn D., ed. Al
Andalus, the Art of Islamic Spain. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of
Art, 1992. Epilogue,
"The Legacy of Islam in Spain," pp. 173-189. Third
Meeting:
Spain at the Dawn of the Golden Age: A.) Nasrid Kingdom of Granada: Last
Islamic Cultural Center in Spain The Alhambra (ca. 1350-1400), taken by Ferdinand &
Isabella in 1492 B.)
Mudejar: Muslim Artisans, Christian
Buildings Monastery of Guadalupe, after 1372 C.) Isabelline Gothic, Culmination
and Transition High Gothic in Burgos: The Cathedral (facade & Towers ca: 1450, Juan de
Colonia, Gil de Siloé, et a, Chapel of the Constable Simon & Francisco de
Colonia, Felipe de Bigarny, Gil & Diego de Siloé, Cristóbal de Andino,
1482-1532) Plateresque Precursors in Valladolid San Gregorio (1492,
Gil de Siloé(?)) San Pablo (1486-1500, Simon de Colonia & son
Francisco) Birth of Isabelline Style in Burgos: La Cartuja de Miraflores, mortuary chapel for
Isabella' s Parents (1474-1488, Simón de Colonia, Alabaster tombs, 1486-1493, Gil de Siloé,
Retablo 1496-99 Gil de Siloé) Royal residence in a monastery inToledo: San Juan de Los Reyes (1476-1488, Juan Gúas) Avila: Santo Tómas 1483-93 D.)
Plateresque: A distinctly Spanish
Renaissance Style Toledo: Hospital de la Santa Cruz: Engique Egas
1504-1514 1526 Diego de Sagredo: Medidas del Romano Lingering Gothic Taste and Plateresque Ornament Salamanca:Cathedral facade Gil de Hontañon 1512 University ca: 1535 Segovia: Cathedral: Gil de Hontañon 1525 Granada: Mortuary Chapel for Ferdinand & Isabella 1523- Felipe Bigarny, Cristóbal Andino Valladolid: Retablo for San Benito: 1527 Alonso de
Berruguete Salamanca: San Esteban ca 1550 E.) Mannerism Imported
to Spain by one of Michaelangelo's apprentices Granada: Palace of Charles V: 1526- Pedro de Machuca F.) Herrera and the Severe Style El Escorial Juan de Herrera, principal Architect
1560-84 Cathedral of Valladolid Juan de herrera 1580 Zafra: Castle/Palace of Dukes de Feria, Juan de
Herrera Patio remodeling after
1580 READING
SUGGESTIONS [Highly
recommended general introduction] Bernard Bevan. History of Spanish Architecture.
New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1939. Pages 1-78, 97-114, 126-139. 1.) Byne, Arthur, and Mildred Stapley. Spanish
Architecture of the Sixteenth Century. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons,
1917. Pages 1-106, 130-210, 388-430. 2.) Payne, Stanley G. Spanish Catholicism.
Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984. Pages 1-70. 3.) Ortiz, Antonio Domínguez,C. H. Carretero, and José
A. Godoy. Resplendence of the Spanish Monarchy. New York:
Metropolitan Museum of Art Especially Photographs of Royal Armor, notice where
the artists were from and the resemblence between this art and the
architecture of the period. 4.) Zerner, Catherine Wilkinson. Juan de Herrera:
Architect to Philip II of Spain. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993. This is the best synthesis ever published of the many
and often confusing architectural, artistic, cultural and political forces at
work in and on 16th-century Spain. Highly recommended for anyone interested in
understanding the shift from the Medieval master-builder tradition to
buildings designed, drawn, and supervised by professional Architects in the
modern sense. Also shows the development of professional urban planning as
means of implementing royal political and social policy. Excellent
photography, extensive bibliography. 4.) Gómez-Moreno, Manuel. The Golden Age of
Spanish Sculpture. Greenwich [Conn.]: New York Graphic Society, 1964. text from page 6-27 (about half of this is full
page plates which you should also examine), then look through the rest of the
plates and become generally familiar with who did what when by referring to
the notes to the plates. Fourth
Meeting:
Columbus and the Caribbean Opening
discussion to review readings and discuss term projects. A.) Discuss general chronology of
Columbus's voyages and the establishment of Santo Domingo. B.) Nicolas de Ovando and his
specific instructions from the Queen C.) Pedro de Córdoba and the
Dominican Mission, the Great Debate concerning the Humanity of the Indios, the
demographic collapse D.) Tierra Firma, failed missions and
slave trade. Venezuela and Colombia, Coro, Cartagena de los Indios, Maricaibo.
Instructions to Padilla, 1513 concerning urban layout. E.) Ponce de Léon and Puerto Rico,
and St. Augustine Florida. The Dominicans in Puerto Rico, the Atrio Cross in San
José. F.) General overview of early
architecture in Santo Domingo and the Caribbean. Relate to Work in Spain, Seville, Artisans and where
they go after 1522... G.) The gradual decline of Santo
Domingo as an important place. Cortés's preparation for his discovery. The Previous explorations, pilots and plots READING
SUGGESTIONS 1.) Padden, R. C. The
Hummingbird and the Hawk. New York: Harper & Row, 1967.
Pages 115-274. 2.) Clendinnen, Inga.
"Fierce and Unnatural Cruelty: Cortés and the Conquest of Mexico." Representations
33: 65-100. 3.) Kubler, George. Mexican
Architecture of the Sixteenth Century. New Haven: Yale University Press,
1948. Chapter 2, "Urbanism," Vol. I, pages 68-102. 4.) Pasztory, Esther. Aztec
Art. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1983. Chapter 3, "Aztec Architecture and Cliff
Sculpture," pages 95-138. Examine closely the art presented in this beautiful volume. Highly
recommended: Sabloff, Jeremy A. The Cities of Ancient Mexico:
Reconstructing a Lost World. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1989. Read
Chapter 8 "The Aztecs and Tenochtitlan," pages 117-130 [this is
mostly pictures, including a model of the center of the Aztec capital]. Broda, Johanna, Davíd Carrasco, and Eduardo Matos
Moctezuma. The Great Temple of Tenochtitlan: Center and Periphery in the
Aztec World. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987. [This is a
series of three articles on different aspects of this all important monument.] For
those of you interested in the Conquest story, the following are translations
of actual Spanish eyewitness accounts, which in spite of their biases, are
still fascinating stories... Cortés, Hernan. Translated and edited by Anthony
Pagden. Letters from Mexico. New Haven, Yale University Press, 1986. [these are the famous letters written by Cortés from
Mexico to the King in Spain during the actual military operations] Díaz, Bernal. Translated by J. M. Cohen. The
Conquest of New Spain. London: Penguin Books, 1987. [This is a riveting
story told for his grandchildren in his old age many years after the event,
but it has a compelling immediacy even in translation almost 500 years
later...There are many editions of this book by various translators.] Fifth
Meeting: Cortes, Contact and Conquest
A.) The
Destruction of Tenochtitlán Final Episode of the "Conquest" "Conquest" or Revolution? The notion of the "Other" Transmission of Culture through Architecture B.) The Construction of Mexico City Political/Strategic Considerations Symbolic Implications Size of City Organization and Implementation The Grid Plan Transport and Communication: the Tlamemes Consequences of Centralization over time: Smog Reading
Assignment: 1.) Gibson, Charles. The
Aztecs Under Spanish Rule. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1964. Read Chapter 13, "The City," pp. 388-402. 2.) Cervantes de Salazar,
Francisco. Life in the Imperial and Loyal City of Mexico in New
Spain...1554.... tr. Minnie Lee Barrett Shepard, intr. Carlos Eduardo
Castañeda. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1970. Read Pages 1-81. 3.) Schuetz, Mardith K. Architectural
Practice in Mexico City, A manual for Journeymen Architects of the Eighteenth
Century. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1987. Read Pages 1-80. 4.) Crouch, Dora P. et al.
"City Planning Ordinances of the Laws of the Indies," in Spanish
City Planning in North America, 1982, pp. 1-10. Read
the whole article.
Recommended
Further Reading: Hassig, Ross. Trade, Tribute, and Transportation,
the sixteenth-century political economy of the Valley of Mexico. Norman:
University of Oklahoma Press, 1985. Sixth
Meeting:
The Coming of the Friars: Cultural Transmission and Cultural
Transformation
A.) Enormity
of task, Scarcity of friars B.) Apocalyptic Millenarian Vision
among the Franciscans C.) Congregación: Urbanizing a
dispersed population Spanish Vernacular forms in a new world Transplantation of Spanish Local Religion D.) Utopian Social Experiments of
Vasco de Quiroga Thomas Moore read by Archbishop Zumárraga &
Quiroga E.) Perisistence of the 16th-C Built
Environment. Patzcuaro Santa Fe de la Laguna Angahuan Zacan San Lorenzo Uruapan Mid
Term Presentations Reading
Assignment: 1.) Kubler, George. Mexican
Architecture of the Sixteenth Century. New Haven: Yale University Press,
1948. Read "Introduction: The Mendicant Friars," pp. 1-22. 2.) Ricard, Robert. The
Spiritual Conquest of Mexico. Lesley Byrd Simpson, tr. Berkeley:
University of California Press, 1982. Read pages 1-161. Seventh
Meeting:
Mendicant Architecture and the Transmission of Culture in the 16th
Century: Larger Monastic Houses and the Open Chapels. A.) The Friars as Architects and
Overseers Printed visual resources as source books Untrained Architects building for the ages B.) The Labor Force Motivation, Coercion or Cooperation? Organization of crews Rotational Labor and wage labor Training centers and technological transmission Tools, Transport and Materials C.) Revolutionary Architecture? Barrel and Rib Vaulting: the Enclosure of Space D.) Types of Churches Single Nave, cryptocollateral, Bascillica The use of vaulting and buttressing Fenestration E.) The Convento as Social Center for
a New Society The role of the larger houses as centers of education
and diffusion F.) Open Chapels: A New Form for a
New World? The Atrio: Sacred Pageantry and Processions: Fun Under
the Sun Reading
Assignment: 1.) McAndrew, John. The
Open-Air Churches of Sixteenth-Century Mexico. Cambridge: Harvard
University Press, 1965. Read "The New Architecture and the Old" pp. 168-201;
"The Atrio" 202-254, "Posas" 279-333;
"The Open Chapel" 340-367; "The First Open Chapels
II," 443-465; "Single-Cell Chapels" 466-503;
"Portico Chapels I," 525-570. Eight
Meeting:
Painting and Sculpture in the Service of God: Art and the
Evangelization, various European contributions and Indigenous adaptations. A.) Atrio Crosses and Christian
Education Iconography of the Mass of St. Gregory Feather Mosaic for the Pope, 1539 Syncretic Art Officially Supervised B.) Mural Art in the Conventos,
Public and Private Devotional Art within the Cloister Epazoyucan Frescoes Actopan Stairwell Frescoes Actopan Open Chapel Frescoes Ixmiquilpan Nave Frescoes B.) Retablo Art, Matrix for the
Miraculous Schematic Organization, Basics of Iconography Constants & Local variants Coixtlahuaca San
Juan Teposcolula
European Masters Alonso de la Concha Simon Peyrens Spanish Guilds and Indian Apprentices Indian Competition Contracts and Commissions, Indian Control Huejotzingo Coixtlahuaca C.) Church Bells and Christian Life D.) Sacred Drama and Syncretic
Meaning The Case of Coixtlahuaca The Fire Serpent and the Arms of Christ Reading
Assignment 1.) Kubler, George. Mexican
Architecture of the Sixteenth Century. New Haven: Yale University Press,
1948. Read Chapter 8, "Paintings and Sculpture," pp. 361-416. 2.) Weismann, Elizabeth Wilder.
Mexico In Sculpture, 1521-1821. Cambridge: Harvard University Press,
1950. Read the brief introduction and then spend an hour examining
the plates and her notes. 3.) Weismann, Elizabeth Wilder.
Art and Time In Mexico. 1985 Read her Introduction and especially her brief chapter on
Tequitqui Art. 4.) Toussaint, Manuel. Colonial
Art in Mexico, tr Elizabeth Wilder Weismann. Austin: University of Texas
Press, 1967. Read "Medieval Painting," pp. 38-47;
"Medieval Sculpture," pp. 48-62; "Minor Arts of the
Middle Ages," pp. 63-75; "Renaissance Painting," 129-152;
"Renaissance Sculpture," pp. 153-161; "The Minor Arts of
the Renaissance Period," pp. 162-178. 5.) Ricard, Robert. The
Spiritual Conquest of Mexico. Lesley Byrd Simpson, tr. Berkeley:
University of California Press, 1982. Read pages 162-206. Ninth
Meeting:
Urbanization: The Policy of "Congregacion," and the Case
of Teposcolula. A.) Dispersed Settlement Pattern
typical outside of Valley of México and Valley of Oaxaca, and Maya Centers Jeremy Sabloff's Contention B.) Local Ceremonial Centers and
dispersion in hinterland Mixtec case Some dispersion after fall of Teotihuacan Hilltowns persistent for defense The Aztec Threat The Local Wars Political Organization around ceremonial center Hillside terrace framing Erosion problems in pre-hispanic times Valley Bottoms, Royal, Noble, Cult C.) Mixteca on the Eve of Spanish
Arrival Aztec conquest of Oaxaca consolidated after 1509 Brutal destruction of Mixtec Towns, Prisoners Political/Religious Elite Family structures Religious Practices Dzahui, Water Spirit Human Sacrifice D.) First Contact with Spanish, 1522 Passing through E.) Later Encomienda of Francisco de
las Casas Slavery in the Mines F.) Friars arrive to begin
Evangelization after 1535 Doctrina of Pedro de Córdoba Letter of Domingo de Betanzos Drama G.) Cultural Transformation:
Beginning the New Town 1540 Moving down off hill top The Grid Pattern, the aqueduct New Economy Silk Cultivation Increased Wealth Cochinilla Cultivation Increased Wealth Sheep and Goats Richer
diet, more protein
The New Ceremonial Center The Open Chapel Sacred Drama, Ritual Performance The King's House Reading
Assignment: 1.) Markman, Sidney D.
"The Dominican Townscape for "Pueblos de Indios" in Colonial
Chiapas." in Atti del XL Congresso Internazionale degli Americanisti,
Roma-Genova, 3-10 Settembre 1972 Vol. IV. Genova: Tilgher, 1973, pp.
79-90. Read the whole article. 2.) Cline, Howard F.
"Civil Congregations of the Indians in New Spain, 1598-1606." Hispanic
American Historical Review
pp. 350-369. Read the whole article. 3.) Hardoy, Jorge E. and Carmen
Aranovich. "Urban Scales and Functions in Spanish America Towards the
Year 1600: First Conclusions." Latin American Research Review 3
(1970): 57-91. Read the whole article. 4.) Socolow, Susan Migden and
Lyman L. Johnson. "Urbanization in Colonial Latin America." Journal
of Urban History 8 1(Nov 1981): 27-59. Read the whole article. 5.) Van Oss, A. C.
"Mendicant Expansion in New Spain and the extent of the colony (sixteenth
century)." Boletin de Estudios Latinoamericanos y del Caribe 21
(dec 1976): 32-56. Read the whole article. Tenth
Meeting:
Friars on the Fringes: New Mexico A.) The Anasazi before Spanish
Contact B.) The First Contact C.) The Conquest and Colonization Sodiers of Fortune and the Friars D.) The Rebelion of 1680 E.) The Return of the Spanish F.) Adaptation of Spanish forms to
Local Materials, techniques and Taste G.) The Persistence of
"Pueblo" style Territorial Style Pueblo Revival Post Modern Pueblo H.) Albuquerque Today: High-Tech
Highrise on the Rio Grande Suggested
Reading 1.) Spicer, Edward H. Cycles
of Conquest, The Impact of Spain, Mexico and the United States on the Indians
of the Southwest, 1533-1960. Tuscon: University of Arizona Press, 1989. Read "Introduction: Cultural Frontiers," pp. 1-20;
"Programs for Civilization," pp. 279-342; "The Results
of Contact," pp. 462-501, and select one other chapter from
this section. 2.) Kubler, George. The
Religious Architecture of New Mexico. Albuquerque: University of New
Mexico Press, 1990. Read 1-147. Eleventh
Meeting:
Friars on the Fringes: Texas and California. A.) Early Missions in Texas B.) The French Threat C.) Attempts to Stabilize a Cultural
Frontier: Architecture as a Cultural Anchor D.) The Last Stand: San Antonio
Missions Persistence of Missions through time Urban and Local identity, links to past Preservation and Community E.) Hispanic Influence on the Later
Built Environment The German Cowboys Jalepenos and Knockwurst Mexican Polka Music Transformation of Germanic Architecture F.) San Antonio Today: The River Walk
and the Mercado Twelfth
Meeting:
Friars on the Fringes: California. A.) Junipero Serra and the Mallorcan
Connection B.) Junipero Serra and the Mexican
Connection C.) California Indians before the
Spanish D.)
The Mission Churches: Historic
Chronology & Overview E.) The Mission Landscape Preserved La Purisima Concepcion F.) The Mission as part of the Urban
Scene San Luis Obispo San Buenaventura San Gabriel G.) The Mission compound as a
greenspace within the Urban Environment San Fernando Santa Barbara H.) The Mission as part of Small Town
Life San Juan Bautista Santa Ynez J.) The Mission as an Isolated
Artifact San Antonio de Padua San Miguel Archangel K.) The Mission as a Problem in
Preservation San Gabriel, Earthquake victim L.) Persistence of the
"Mission Style" Railway Architecture, Exotic Destinations before
Disney Santa Barbara, California, 1905 Albuquerque, New Mexico, 1904 Orlando, Florida, 1927 M.) Hollywood and the "Mission
Style" Tile roofs before the Talkies Wright's Rebellion: Maya Revival goes Deco O.) Vernacular and Contemporary
reflections P.) A Return to the Begining: Spanish
Renaissance Revival Flagler's Florida Fantasies Hotel Ponce de Léon |